Event Sourcing

Event Sourcing, sistem durumunun geçmiş tüm olaylar (event'ler) olarak kaydedilmesi yaklaşımıdır. Bu bölümde Event Sourcing'in Spring Boot ile detaylı implementasyonunu inceleyeceğiz.

Hızlı Karar

Durum	Event Sourcing Kullan	Dikkat
Tam audit ve zaman yolculuğu gerekiyor	Evet	Event schema evrimi zorlaşır
Domain olayları işin merkezinde	Evet	Aggregate sınırları net olmalı
Sadece son durum yeterli	Hayır	Basit tablo daha ucuzdur
Analitik için olay toplama	Ayrı event log yeterli olabilir	Domain state ile karıştırma

Üretim Kontrol Listesi

• Problem: Geçmiş olayları saklamak hangi iş veya denetim ihtiyacını çözüyor?
• Çözüm: Event schema, versioning, snapshot, replay ve projection stratejisi net mi?
• Trade-off: Audit ve rebuild kabiliyeti kazanılır; storage, migration ve replay karmaşıklığı eklenir.
• Hata durumu: Poison event, duplicate event, failed replay, schema mismatch ve projection drift ele alınmalı.
• Ölçüm: Append latency, replay time, event store growth, projection lag ve handler error rate izlenmeli.
• Güvenlik/maliyet: Event'ler silinmesi zor tarihçe oluşturur; PII, retention ve encryption baştan tasarlanmalı.

Event Sourcing Mimarisi

Event Store Veri Modeli

Event Akışı

Event Sourcing Temelleri

Temel Bileşenler

Event Store Architecture:

@Entity
@Table(name = "event_store")
public class EventEntity {
    
    @Id
    @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
    private Long id;
    
    @Column(nullable = false)
    private String aggregateId;
    
    @Column(nullable = false)
    private String aggregateType;
    
    @Column(nullable = false)
    private String eventType;
    
    @Column(nullable = false, columnDefinition = "TEXT")
    private String eventData;
    
    @Column(nullable = false)
    private Long version;
    
    @Column(nullable = false)
    private Instant timestamp;
    
    @Column
    private String metadata;
    
    // Constructors, getters, setters
}

Event Store Repository:

@Repository
public interface EventStoreRepository extends JpaRepository<EventEntity, Long> {
    
    List<EventEntity> findByAggregateIdOrderByVersionAsc(String aggregateId);
    
    List<EventEntity> findByAggregateIdAndVersionGreaterThanOrderByVersionAsc(
        String aggregateId, Long version);
    
    List<EventEntity> findByAggregateTypeAndTimestampBetweenOrderByTimestampAsc(
        String aggregateType, Instant start, Instant end);
    
    @Query("SELECT e FROM EventEntity e WHERE e.aggregateId = :aggregateId AND e.version = :version")
    Optional<EventEntity> findByAggregateIdAndVersion(
        @Param("aggregateId") String aggregateId, 
        @Param("version") Long version);
    
    @Modifying
    @Query("DELETE FROM EventEntity e WHERE e.aggregateId = :aggregateId AND e.version <= :version")
    void deleteEventsUpToVersion(
        @Param("aggregateId") String aggregateId, 
        @Param("version") Long version);
}

Event Store Service

@Service
@Transactional
@Slf4j
public class EventStoreService {
    
    private final EventStoreRepository eventStoreRepository;
    private final ObjectMapper objectMapper;
    private final ApplicationEventPublisher eventPublisher;
    private final MeterRegistry meterRegistry;
    
    public EventStoreService(EventStoreRepository eventStoreRepository,
                           ObjectMapper objectMapper,
                           ApplicationEventPublisher eventPublisher,
                           MeterRegistry meterRegistry) {
        this.eventStoreRepository = eventStoreRepository;
        this.objectMapper = objectMapper;
        this.eventPublisher = eventPublisher;
        this.meterRegistry = meterRegistry;
    }
    
    public void saveEvents(String aggregateId, String aggregateType, 
                          List<DomainEvent> events, Long expectedVersion) {
        
        Timer.Sample sample = Timer.start(meterRegistry);
        
        try {
            // Optimistic locking check
            validateExpectedVersion(aggregateId, expectedVersion);
            
            List<EventEntity> eventEntities = new ArrayList<>();
            long currentVersion = expectedVersion + 1;
            
            for (DomainEvent event : events) {
                EventEntity eventEntity = createEventEntity(
                    aggregateId, aggregateType, event, currentVersion++);
                eventEntities.add(eventEntity);
            }
            
            eventStoreRepository.saveAll(eventEntities);
            
            // Publish events to event bus
            publishEvents(events);
            
            meterRegistry.counter("event_store.events_saved", 
                "aggregate_type", aggregateType)
                .increment(events.size());
                
            log.info("Saved {} events for aggregate: {}", events.size(), aggregateId);
            
        } catch (Exception e) {
            meterRegistry.counter("event_store.save_errors", 
                "aggregate_type", aggregateType)
                .increment();
            log.error("Failed to save events for aggregate: {}", aggregateId, e);
            throw new EventStoreException("Failed to save events", e);
        } finally {
            sample.stop(Timer.builder("event_store.save_duration")
                .tag("aggregate_type", aggregateType)
                .register(meterRegistry));
        }
    }
    
    public List<DomainEvent> getEvents(String aggregateId) {
        try {
            List<EventEntity> eventEntities = eventStoreRepository
                .findByAggregateIdOrderByVersionAsc(aggregateId);
            
            return eventEntities.stream()
                .map(this::deserializeEvent)
                .collect(Collectors.toList());
                
        } catch (Exception e) {
            log.error("Failed to retrieve events for aggregate: {}", aggregateId, e);
            throw new EventStoreException("Failed to retrieve events", e);
        }
    }
    
    public List<DomainEvent> getEventsAfterVersion(String aggregateId, Long version) {
        try {
            List<EventEntity> eventEntities = eventStoreRepository
                .findByAggregateIdAndVersionGreaterThanOrderByVersionAsc(aggregateId, version);
            
            return eventEntities.stream()
                .map(this::deserializeEvent)
                .collect(Collectors.toList());
                
        } catch (Exception e) {
            log.error("Failed to retrieve events after version {} for aggregate: {}", 
                version, aggregateId, e);
            throw new EventStoreException("Failed to retrieve events", e);
        }
    }
    
    private void validateExpectedVersion(String aggregateId, Long expectedVersion) {
        List<EventEntity> existingEvents = eventStoreRepository
            .findByAggregateIdOrderByVersionAsc(aggregateId);
        
        if (!existingEvents.isEmpty()) {
            Long actualVersion = existingEvents.get(existingEvents.size() - 1).getVersion();
            if (!actualVersion.equals(expectedVersion)) {
                throw new OptimisticLockingException(
                    String.format("Expected version %d but actual version is %d for aggregate %s",
                        expectedVersion, actualVersion, aggregateId));
            }
        } else if (expectedVersion != 0) {
            throw new OptimisticLockingException(
                String.format("Expected version %d but no events exist for aggregate %s",
                    expectedVersion, aggregateId));
        }
    }
    
    private EventEntity createEventEntity(String aggregateId, String aggregateType,
                                        DomainEvent event, Long version) {
        try {
            EventEntity entity = new EventEntity();
            entity.setAggregateId(aggregateId);
            entity.setAggregateType(aggregateType);
            entity.setEventType(event.getClass().getSimpleName());
            entity.setEventData(objectMapper.writeValueAsString(event));
            entity.setVersion(version);
            entity.setTimestamp(event.getTimestamp());
            entity.setMetadata(createMetadata(event));
            return entity;
        } catch (JsonProcessingException e) {
            throw new EventSerializationException("Failed to serialize event", e);
        }
    }
    
    private DomainEvent deserializeEvent(EventEntity entity) {
        try {
            Class<?> eventClass = Class.forName(getEventPackage() + "." + entity.getEventType());
            return (DomainEvent) objectMapper.readValue(entity.getEventData(), eventClass);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            throw new EventDeserializationException("Failed to deserialize event", e);
        }
    }
    
    private void publishEvents(List<DomainEvent> events) {
        events.forEach(event -> {
            try {
                eventPublisher.publishEvent(event);
                log.debug("Published event: {}", event.getClass().getSimpleName());
            } catch (Exception e) {
                log.error("Failed to publish event: {}", event.getClass().getSimpleName(), e);
                // Consider dead letter queue for failed publications
            }
        });
    }
}

Spring Boot ile Event Store Implementasyonu

Aggregate Root Base Class

public abstract class AggregateRoot {
    
    protected String id;
    protected Long version = 0L;
    private final List<DomainEvent> uncommittedEvents = new ArrayList<>();
    
    protected void applyEvent(DomainEvent event) {
        uncommittedEvents.add(event);
        applyEventToAggregate(event);
        version++;
    }
    
    protected abstract void applyEventToAggregate(DomainEvent event);
    
    public List<DomainEvent> getUncommittedEvents() {
        return new ArrayList<>(uncommittedEvents);
    }
    
    public void markEventsAsCommitted() {
        uncommittedEvents.clear();
    }
    
    public void replayEvents(List<DomainEvent> events) {
        events.forEach(event -> {
            applyEventToAggregate(event);
            version++;
        });
    }
    
    // Getters
    public String getId() { return id; }
    public Long getVersion() { return version; }
}

Domain Events

public abstract class DomainEvent {
    private final String eventId;
    private final Instant timestamp;
    private final String aggregateId;
    
    protected DomainEvent(String aggregateId) {
        this.eventId = UUID.randomUUID().toString();
        this.timestamp = Instant.now();
        this.aggregateId = aggregateId;
    }
    
    // Getters
    public String getEventId() { return eventId; }
    public Instant getTimestamp() { return timestamp; }
    public String getAggregateId() { return aggregateId; }
}

// Order Domain Events
public class OrderCreatedEvent extends DomainEvent {
    private final String customerId;
    private final BigDecimal totalAmount;
    private final List<OrderItem> items;
    
    public OrderCreatedEvent(String aggregateId, String customerId, 
                           BigDecimal totalAmount, List<OrderItem> items) {
        super(aggregateId);
        this.customerId = customerId;
        this.totalAmount = totalAmount;
        this.items = items;
    }
    
    // Getters
}

public class OrderConfirmedEvent extends DomainEvent {
    private final Instant confirmedAt;
    
    public OrderConfirmedEvent(String aggregateId, Instant confirmedAt) {
        super(aggregateId);
        this.confirmedAt = confirmedAt;
    }
    
    // Getters
}

public class OrderCancelledEvent extends DomainEvent {
    private final String reason;
    private final Instant cancelledAt;
    
    public OrderCancelledEvent(String aggregateId, String reason, Instant cancelledAt) {
        super(aggregateId);
        this.reason = reason;
        this.cancelledAt = cancelledAt;
    }
    
    // Getters
}

Order Aggregate Implementation

public class Order extends AggregateRoot {
    
    private String customerId;
    private BigDecimal totalAmount;
    private List<OrderItem> items;
    private OrderStatus status;
    private Instant createdAt;
    private Instant confirmedAt;
    private String cancellationReason;
    
    // Constructor for new orders
    public Order(String customerId, List<OrderItem> items) {
        this.id = UUID.randomUUID().toString();
        this.status = OrderStatus.PENDING;
        
        BigDecimal total = items.stream()
            .map(item -> item.getPrice().multiply(BigDecimal.valueOf(item.getQuantity())))
            .reduce(BigDecimal.ZERO, BigDecimal::add);
        
        applyEvent(new OrderCreatedEvent(id, customerId, total, new ArrayList<>(items)));
    }
    
    // Constructor for event replay
    public Order() {
        // Empty constructor for event replay
    }
    
    public void confirm() {
        if (status != OrderStatus.PENDING) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("Only pending orders can be confirmed");
        }
        
        applyEvent(new OrderConfirmedEvent(id, Instant.now()));
    }
    
    public void cancel(String reason) {
        if (status == OrderStatus.CANCELLED || status == OrderStatus.DELIVERED) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("Order cannot be cancelled in current status: " + status);
        }
        
        applyEvent(new OrderCancelledEvent(id, reason, Instant.now()));
    }
    
    @Override
    protected void applyEventToAggregate(DomainEvent event) {
        if (event instanceof OrderCreatedEvent) {
            applyOrderCreated((OrderCreatedEvent) event);
        } else if (event instanceof OrderConfirmedEvent) {
            applyOrderConfirmed((OrderConfirmedEvent) event);
        } else if (event instanceof OrderCancelledEvent) {
            applyOrderCancelled((OrderCancelledEvent) event);
        }
    }
    
    private void applyOrderCreated(OrderCreatedEvent event) {
        this.customerId = event.getCustomerId();
        this.totalAmount = event.getTotalAmount();
        this.items = new ArrayList<>(event.getItems());
        this.status = OrderStatus.PENDING;
        this.createdAt = event.getTimestamp();
    }
    
    private void applyOrderConfirmed(OrderConfirmedEvent event) {
        this.status = OrderStatus.CONFIRMED;
        this.confirmedAt = event.getConfirmedAt();
    }
    
    private void applyOrderCancelled(OrderCancelledEvent event) {
        this.status = OrderStatus.CANCELLED;
        this.cancellationReason = event.getReason();
    }
    
    // Getters
}

Event Bus ve Message Publishing

Event Publisher Configuration

@Configuration
@EnableKafka
public class EventBusConfiguration {
    
    @Bean
    public ProducerFactory<String, Object> producerFactory() {
        Map<String, Object> configProps = new HashMap<>();
        configProps.put(ProducerConfig.BOOTSTRAP_SERVERS_CONFIG, "localhost:9092");
        configProps.put(ProducerConfig.KEY_SERIALIZER_CLASS_CONFIG, StringSerializer.class);
        configProps.put(ProducerConfig.VALUE_SERIALIZER_CLASS_CONFIG, JsonSerializer.class);
        configProps.put(ProducerConfig.ACKS_CONFIG, "all");
        configProps.put(ProducerConfig.RETRIES_CONFIG, 3);
        configProps.put(ProducerConfig.ENABLE_IDEMPOTENCE_CONFIG, true);
        return new DefaultKafkaProducerFactory<>(configProps);
    }
    
    @Bean
    public KafkaTemplate<String, Object> kafkaTemplate() {
        return new KafkaTemplate<>(producerFactory());
    }
    
    @Bean
    public ApplicationEventPublisher eventPublisher() {
        return new SimpleApplicationEventPublisher();
    }
}

Event Publisher Service

@Service
@Slf4j
public class EventPublisherService {
    
    private final KafkaTemplate<String, Object> kafkaTemplate;
    private final MeterRegistry meterRegistry;
    
    public EventPublisherService(KafkaTemplate<String, Object> kafkaTemplate,
                               MeterRegistry meterRegistry) {
        this.kafkaTemplate = kafkaTemplate;
        this.meterRegistry = meterRegistry;
    }
    
    @EventListener
    @Async
    public void handleDomainEvent(DomainEvent event) {
        String topicName = getTopicNameForEvent(event);
        
        try {
            ListenableFuture<SendResult<String, Object>> future = 
                kafkaTemplate.send(topicName, event.getAggregateId(), event);
            
            future.addCallback(
                result -> {
                    log.info("Published event {} to topic {}", 
                        event.getClass().getSimpleName(), topicName);
                    meterRegistry.counter("event_bus.published", 
                        "event_type", event.getClass().getSimpleName(),
                        "topic", topicName)
                        .increment();
                },
                failure -> {
                    log.error("Failed to publish event {} to topic {}", 
                        event.getClass().getSimpleName(), topicName, failure);
                    meterRegistry.counter("event_bus.publish_failures",
                        "event_type", event.getClass().getSimpleName(),
                        "topic", topicName)
                        .increment();
                }
            );
            
        } catch (Exception e) {
            log.error("Error publishing event {}", event.getClass().getSimpleName(), e);
            meterRegistry.counter("event_bus.publish_errors",
                "event_type", event.getClass().getSimpleName())
                .increment();
        }
    }
    
    private String getTopicNameForEvent(DomainEvent event) {
        return "events." + event.getClass().getSimpleName().toLowerCase()
            .replaceAll("event$", "");
    }
}

Event Handlers ve Projection

Read Model Projection

@Entity
@Table(name = "order_read_model")
public class OrderReadModel {
    
    @Id
    private String orderId;
    
    private String customerId;
    private BigDecimal totalAmount;
    private String status;
    private Instant createdAt;
    private Instant confirmedAt;
    private String cancellationReason;
    private Integer itemCount;
    
    // Constructors, getters, setters
}

@Repository
public interface OrderReadModelRepository extends JpaRepository<OrderReadModel, String> {
    
    List<OrderReadModel> findByCustomerId(String customerId);
    
    List<OrderReadModel> findByStatus(String status);
    
    @Query("SELECT o FROM OrderReadModel o WHERE o.createdAt BETWEEN :start AND :end")
    List<OrderReadModel> findByCreatedAtBetween(
        @Param("start") Instant start, 
        @Param("end") Instant end);
}

Event Handlers for Projections

@Component
@Slf4j
public class OrderProjectionHandler {
    
    private final OrderReadModelRepository repository;
    private final MeterRegistry meterRegistry;
    
    public OrderProjectionHandler(OrderReadModelRepository repository,
                                MeterRegistry meterRegistry) {
        this.repository = repository;
        this.meterRegistry = meterRegistry;
    }
    
    @KafkaListener(topics = "events.ordercreated")
    public void handleOrderCreated(OrderCreatedEvent event) {
        try {
            OrderReadModel readModel = new OrderReadModel();
            readModel.setOrderId(event.getAggregateId());
            readModel.setCustomerId(event.getCustomerId());
            readModel.setTotalAmount(event.getTotalAmount());
            readModel.setStatus("PENDING");
            readModel.setCreatedAt(event.getTimestamp());
            readModel.setItemCount(event.getItems().size());
            
            repository.save(readModel);
            
            meterRegistry.counter("projection.order_created").increment();
            log.info("Updated order projection for order: {}", event.getAggregateId());
            
        } catch (Exception e) {
            log.error("Failed to update projection for OrderCreatedEvent", e);
            meterRegistry.counter("projection.errors", 
                "event_type", "OrderCreatedEvent").increment();
        }
    }
    
    @KafkaListener(topics = "events.orderconfirmed")
    public void handleOrderConfirmed(OrderConfirmedEvent event) {
        try {
            Optional<OrderReadModel> optionalOrder = repository.findById(event.getAggregateId());
            
            if (optionalOrder.isPresent()) {
                OrderReadModel order = optionalOrder.get();
                order.setStatus("CONFIRMED");
                order.setConfirmedAt(event.getConfirmedAt());
                repository.save(order);
                
                meterRegistry.counter("projection.order_confirmed").increment();
                log.info("Updated order projection for confirmed order: {}", event.getAggregateId());
            } else {
                log.warn("Order not found for confirmation: {}", event.getAggregateId());
            }
            
        } catch (Exception e) {
            log.error("Failed to update projection for OrderConfirmedEvent", e);
            meterRegistry.counter("projection.errors", 
                "event_type", "OrderConfirmedEvent").increment();
        }
    }
    
    @KafkaListener(topics = "events.ordercancelled")
    public void handleOrderCancelled(OrderCancelledEvent event) {
        try {
            Optional<OrderReadModel> optionalOrder = repository.findById(event.getAggregateId());
            
            if (optionalOrder.isPresent()) {
                OrderReadModel order = optionalOrder.get();
                order.setStatus("CANCELLED");
                order.setCancellationReason(event.getReason());
                repository.save(order);
                
                meterRegistry.counter("projection.order_cancelled").increment();
                log.info("Updated order projection for cancelled order: {}", event.getAggregateId());
            } else {
                log.warn("Order not found for cancellation: {}", event.getAggregateId());
            }
            
        } catch (Exception e) {
            log.error("Failed to update projection for OrderCancelledEvent", e);
            meterRegistry.counter("projection.errors", 
                "event_type", "OrderCancelledEvent").increment();
        }
    }
}

Repository Pattern for Aggregates

@Service
@Transactional
public class OrderRepository {
    
    private final EventStoreService eventStoreService;
    private final MeterRegistry meterRegistry;
    
    public OrderRepository(EventStoreService eventStoreService,
                         MeterRegistry meterRegistry) {
        this.eventStoreService = eventStoreService;
        this.meterRegistry = meterRegistry;
    }
    
    public void save(Order order) {
        Timer.Sample sample = Timer.start(meterRegistry);
        
        try {
            List<DomainEvent> events = order.getUncommittedEvents();
            if (!events.isEmpty()) {
                eventStoreService.saveEvents(
                    order.getId(), 
                    "Order", 
                    events, 
                    order.getVersion() - events.size()
                );
                order.markEventsAsCommitted();
            }
            
            meterRegistry.counter("repository.order_saved").increment();
            
        } finally {
            sample.stop(Timer.builder("repository.save_duration")
                .tag("aggregate_type", "Order")
                .register(meterRegistry));
        }
    }
    
    public Optional<Order> findById(String orderId) {
        Timer.Sample sample = Timer.start(meterRegistry);
        
        try {
            List<DomainEvent> events = eventStoreService.getEvents(orderId);
            
            if (events.isEmpty()) {
                return Optional.empty();
            }
            
            Order order = new Order();
            order.replayEvents(events);
            
            meterRegistry.counter("repository.order_loaded").increment();
            return Optional.of(order);
            
        } finally {
            sample.stop(Timer.builder("repository.load_duration")
                .tag("aggregate_type", "Order")
                .register(meterRegistry));
        }
    }
}

Snapshot Support

@Entity
@Table(name = "aggregate_snapshots")
public class AggregateSnapshot {
    
    @Id
    @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
    private Long id;
    
    @Column(nullable = false)
    private String aggregateId;
    
    @Column(nullable = false)
    private String aggregateType;
    
    @Column(nullable = false)
    private Long version;
    
    @Column(nullable = false, columnDefinition = "TEXT")
    private String snapshotData;
    
    @Column(nullable = false)
    private Instant timestamp;
    
    // Constructors, getters, setters
}

@Service
public class SnapshotService {
    
    private final AggregateSnapshotRepository snapshotRepository;
    private final ObjectMapper objectMapper;
    
    public void saveSnapshot(AggregateRoot aggregate, int snapshotFrequency) {
        if (aggregate.getVersion() % snapshotFrequency == 0) {
            try {
                AggregateSnapshot snapshot = new AggregateSnapshot();
                snapshot.setAggregateId(aggregate.getId());
                snapshot.setAggregateType(aggregate.getClass().getSimpleName());
                snapshot.setVersion(aggregate.getVersion());
                snapshot.setSnapshotData(objectMapper.writeValueAsString(aggregate));
                snapshot.setTimestamp(Instant.now());
                
                snapshotRepository.save(snapshot);
                
            } catch (JsonProcessingException e) {
                log.error("Failed to save snapshot for aggregate: {}", aggregate.getId(), e);
            }
        }
    }
    
    public Optional<AggregateSnapshot> getLatestSnapshot(String aggregateId) {
        return snapshotRepository.findTopByAggregateIdOrderByVersionDesc(aggregateId);
    }
}

Bu kapsamlı Event Sourcing implementasyonu, Spring Boot ekosisteminde production-ready çözümler sunarak veri tutarlılığı, audit trail ve sistem durumu yönetimi için güçlü bir temel oluşturmaktadır.